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Department of Premier and Cabinet

Attachment 1

Types of electric vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrids (HEVs) use a battery-powered electric motor to supplement an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The electric motor is powered via a small battery, which is charged through regenerative braking and/or using excess engine capacity. The electric motor eliminates idling emissions and enables the vehicle to operate with zero emissions at low speeds. At higher speeds, the vehicle switches to the combustion engine (United States Department of Energy 2016). Examples include the Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, the Honda Civic Hybrid and the Lexus Hybrid.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) are similar to HEVs in that they combine an electric motor with an internal combustion engine. However, PHEVs utilise a larger battery that can be recharged through regenerative braking or from the engine, and can also be plugged into an external charging outlet (United States Department of Energy 2016). When the battery is low or when more power is required, the combustion engine replaces the electric drive (Climate Council 2015). Examples include the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, BMWi8 and Holden Volt.

Plug-in battery electric vehicles

Unlike HEVs and PHEVs, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are fully electric and rely solely on a rechargeable battery to store energy for the electric motor (Climate Council 2015). They do not have an internal combustion engine, fuel tank or exhaust pipe, so they do not produce exhaust emissions. Similar to HEVs and PHEVs, BEVs can also recharge their batteries through regenerative braking. Examples include the Tesla ModelS, BMWi3, Mitsubishii-MIEV and the Nissan Leaf.

Fuel-cell electric vehicles

A relatively new concept, fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) generate electricity using compressed hydrogen, instead of storing and releasing energy like a battery. This generated electricity then charges the on-board battery pack and/or powers the vehicle’s electric motor. This whole process emits only water vapour. However, extracting hydrogen from a water molecule (eg natural gas) can be an energy-intensive process that generates greenhouse gas emissions if renewable sources of energy are not used. The Hyundai ix35 Fuel Cell is the first FCEV to be permanently imported into Australia (Hyundai 2016). In addition, three Toyota Mirai FCEVs have been delivered to Australia as promotional vehicles (Toyota Australia 2016).

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